FURO[3,4-b]PYRAN COMPOUNDS AND PHARMACEUTICAL USES

ABSTRACT

Furo[3,4-b]pyran compounds similar in chemical structure to the natural product known as TAN-2483B and their use for treating cancer, osteoporosis, Type 2 diabetes, or immune diseases.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The invention relates to compounds that are structurally related to known biologically active natural products. The invention further relates to pharmaceutical compositions containing the compounds and to the use of the compounds for treating diseases. In particular, the invention relates to furo[3,4-b]pyran compounds similar in chemical structure to the natural product known as TAN-2483B.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Chemical compounds that occur in nature have been an enormously valuable source of potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of many diseases. Following isolation from their source and purification, naturally occurring compounds may be used as active ingredients in pharmaceutical compositions. However, more commonly, derivatives or structural analogues of naturally occurring compounds become the active ingredients of pharmaceutical compositions. Although there are many instances of successful therapeutic treatments based on naturally occurring compounds, there remains a constant ongoing need for new and improved medicines. The search for natural products that may assist therefore continues.

Following the discovery of a class of compounds in which at least some members have potentially useful biological activity, there is usually a strong interest in the production of selected compounds from the class, initially for further development and ultimately for production on a large scale for marketing and sales. Production may be possible by simple isolation from a natural source, but typically this is not possible and synthetic or semi-synthetic processes are required to make sufficient quantities of the useful compounds.

One class of chemical compounds that has proven to be a rich source of compounds having biological activity is the furo[3,4-b]pyrans. Bioactive natural products incorporating the furo[3,4-b]pyran-5-one bicyclic system have been isolated from a variety of fungal sources. Fusidilactones A, B, D and E,^(1,2) massarilactones B and D,³⁻⁵ TAN-2483A and TAN-2483B,⁶ and waol A⁷⁻¹¹ all contain this ring system. These fungal secondary metabolites display a variety of bioactivities, ranging from antibacterial to anti-tumour properties.

Syntheses of some members of the furo[3,4-b]pyran family of natural products, namely (−)-TAN-2483A, massarilactone B and waol A, are known.⁹⁻¹¹ These natural products either incorporate a degree of unsaturation across the fused 4a-7a bond (e.g. massarilactone B and fusidilactone A) or possess a cis-relationship between H−2 and H−7a (e.g. (−)-TAN-2483A and waol A). In contrast to the other members of this family, (−)-TAN-2483B, isolated from a Japanese filamentous fungus,⁶ has a trans-relationship between H−2 and H−7a, and therefore presents different synthetic challenges.

(−)-TAN-2483A and (−)-TAN-2483B, isolated from fermentation of the filamentous fungus NR2329 (FERM BP-5905) in a culture medium, exhibit inhibition of c-Src (sarcoma) kinase and PTH-induced bone resorption. Therefore they have potential relevance to human pharmaceutics, including in cancer therapy and osteoporosis prevention or treatment. The synthesis of the furo[3,4-b]pyran core of (−)-TAN-2483B has been reported.¹² The synthetic route is via a D-mannose-derived cyclopropane key intermediate. Employing this general synthetic methodology, the inventors have investigated the synthesis of analogues of (−)-TAN-2483B with the objective of then determining their biological activities in a range of assays and assessing their potential as pharmaceutical agents for treating certain diseases. The inventors have now found that analogues of (−)-TAN-2483B show inhibitory activity against a range of kinase enzymes and also inhibit the growth of certain cancer cell lines.

It is therefore an object of the invention to provide novel compounds and their use for treating diseases, or to at least provide a useful alternative to existing pharmaceutical treatments.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In a first aspect of the invention there is provided a compound of the formula:

wherein

-   -   R¹ and R² may each be H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₂-C₆         alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, aryl, CO₂H, CO₂alkyl, or C(═O)alkyl,         wherein each alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl group may         optionally be substituted with OH, NH₂, halogen, alkoxy, acyloxy         or aryl; and     -   R³ is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ acyl, aryl, benzyl or trialkylsilyl;     -   provided that R′ is not CH₃ when R² and R³ are both H or when R²         is H and R³ is acetyl;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In a second aspect of the invention there is provided a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In another aspect of the invention there is provided a method of treating cancer, osteoporosis, Type 2 diabetes or an immune disease comprising administering a pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound of the invention to a patient requiring treatment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Definitions

The term “alkyl” means any saturated hydrocarbon radical, and is intended to include both straight- and branched-chain alkyl groups. Examples of alkyl groups include: methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, 1,1-dimethylpropyl, 1,2-dimethylpropyl, 2,2-dimethylpropyl, 1-ethylpropyl, 2-ethylpropyl, n-hexyl and 1-methyl-2-ethylpropyl.

The term “alkenyl” means any hydrocarbon radical having at least one double bond, and is intended to include both straight- and branched-chain alkenyl groups. Examples of alkenyl groups include: ethenyl, n-propenyl, iso-propenyl, n-butenyl, iso-butenyl, sec-butenyl, t-butenyl, n-pentenyl, 1,1-dimethylpropenyl, 1,2-dimethylpropenyl, 2,2-dimethylpropenyl, 1-ethylpropenyl, 2-ethylpropenyl, n-hexenyl and 1-methyl-2-ethyl propenyl.

The term “alkynyl” means any hydrocarbon radical having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond, and is intended to include both straight- and branched-chain alkynyl groups. Examples of alkynyl groups include: ethynyl, n-propynyl and n-butynyl.

The term “aryl” means an aromatic radical having 4 to 18 carbon atoms and includes heteroaromatic radicals. Examples include monocyclic groups, as well as fused groups such as bicyclic groups and tricyclic groups. Examples include phenyl, indenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, azulenyl, heptalenyl, biphenyl, indacenyl, acenaphthyl, fluorenyl, phenalenyl, phenanthrenyl, anthracenyl, cyclopentacyclooctenyl, and benzocyclooctenyl, pyridyl, pyrrolyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, triazolyl, and tetrazolyl.

The term “alkoxy” means an OR group, where R is alkyl as defined above.

The term “acyl” means a —(C═O)R group, where R is alkyl as defined above.

The term “acyloxy” means a —O(C═O)R group, where R is alkyl as defined above.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” is intended to apply to non-toxic salts derived from inorganic or organic acids, including, for example, the following acid salts: acetate, adipate, alginate, aspartate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate, bisulfate, butyrate, citrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptanoate, glycerophosphate, glycolate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonate, lactate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oxalate, palmoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenylpropionate, phosphate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, p-toluenesulfonate, salicylate, succinate, sulfate, tartrate, thiocyanate and undecanoate.

The “

” in the compound formula means that the methyl group attached to the furan ring at the position adjacent to the furan ring oxygen atom maybe in either the α- or β-stereochemistry.

Compounds of the Invention and Their Uses

The invention relates to compounds of the formula:

wherein

-   -   R¹ and R² may each be H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₂-C₆         alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, aryl, CO₂H, CO₂alkyl, or C(═O)alkyl,         wherein each alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl group may         optionally be substituted with OH, NH₂, halogen, alkoxy, acyloxy         or aryl; and     -   R³ is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ acyl, aryl, benzyl or trialkylsilyl;         provided that R¹ is not CH₃ when R² and R³ are both H or when R²         is H and R³ is acetyl;

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In some embodiments of the invention, R¹ and R² may each be H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, aryl, CO₂H, CO₂alkyl, or C(═O)alkyl, wherein each alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl group may optionally be substituted with OH, NH₂, halogen, or aryl; and R³ is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, benzyl or trialkylsilyl.

In some embodiments of the invention, one of R¹ and R² is C₁-C₆ alkyl and the other is H. For example, R¹ may be C₁-C₆ alkyl and R² is H. In other embodiments, one of R¹ and R² is CH₂OH and the other is H. Thus, R¹ may be H and R² is CH₂OH, or R¹ may be CH₂OH and R² is H. In other embodiments, one of R¹ and R² is CO₂alkyl and the other is H. For example, one of R¹ and R² may be CO₂Et. Thus, R¹ may be H and R² is CO₂Et, or R¹ may be CO₂Et and R² is H. In further embodiments of the invention, one of R¹ and R² is CO₂H and the other is H. In this case, R¹ may be H and R² is CO₂H, or R¹ may be CO₂H and R² is H. In yet further embodiments of the invention, one of R¹ and R² may be Me, Et, CH₂OMe, or CH₂OAc.

In some embodiments of the invention, R³ is H. Alternatively, R³ may be alkyl, for example methyl or ethyl, or R³ may be acetyl.

Preferred compounds of the invention include:

The invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In another aspect, the invention relates to a method of treating cancer, osteoporosis, Type 2 diabetes, or an immune disease comprising administering a pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound of the invention to a patient requiring treatment, or alternatively to the use of a compound of the invention in the manufacture of a medicament for treating cancer, osteoporosis, Type 2 diabetes, or an immune disease, or alternatively to a pharmaceutical composition for treating cancer, osteoporosis, Type 2 diabetes, or an immune disease, comprising a compound of the invention.

The cancer to be treated by a compound of the invention may be selected from, but is not limited to, leukaemia, ovarian cancer and breast cancer.

The immune disease to be treated by a compound of the invention may be selected from, but is not limited to, asthma, eczema, allergic rhinitis, Type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and lupus.

General Synthesis Methodology

The compounds of the invention may be prepared according to any known techniques. The following is a general description of the synthesis of compound I. Similar pathways may be employed for preparing other compounds of the invention.

Referring to Scheme 1, the known glycal 1¹³ may be converted into the bromoalkene 2 via a cyclopropane intermediate that reacts spontaneously with sodium acetate. Stereoselective alkyne substitution of the acetate with bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene under Lewis acidic conditions with tin tetrachloride produces a mixture of the acetonide 3 and diol 4. After separation, acetonide 3 can be converted into 4 by treatment with trifluoroacetic acid to provide further diol 4. Removal of the silyl group followed by sodium periodate cleavage affords an aldehyde that undergoes a Wittig reaction to give the unsaturated ester as a separable mixture of the (Z) isomer 5 and the (E) isomer 6 (4:1 ratio of 5:6).

Each isomer is then individually subjected to the following set of reactions, as shown in Schemes 2 and 3. Oxymercuration of 5 or 6 affords the methyl ketone 7 or 11 and reduction proceeds stereoselectively to provide the alcohol 8 or 12. Palladium-catalysed carbonylation and lactone formation gives the furo[3,4-b]pyranone 9 or 13. Debenzylation leads to the final compound 10 or 14.

As shown in Scheme 4, the enal 15 can also be derived from diol 4. Oxymercuration affords the ketoaldehyde 16, which is reduced under Luche conditions to provide the diol 17. Carbonylation and deprotection gives the diol 19.

As shown in Scheme 5, the alcohol 10 can be converted to the acetate 20. Additionally, the diol 19 can be doubly acetylated to form diacetate 21 or monomethylated to give methyl ether 22.

Biological Activity

The compounds of the invention exhibit cytotoxicity and growth inhibition of a range of human, animal and bacterial cell lines, and inhibition of kinases relevant to cancer, diabetes, immune disease or osteoporosis.

Cancer assays were performed using MTT cell proliferation assays with three different immortalised cell lines: a human leukaemia cell line (HL-60), an ovarian cancer cell line (1A9) and a breast cancer cell line (MCF7).

Kinase inhibition assays were conducted by Life Technologies using their SelectScreen® Whole Panel ACCESS Biochemical Kinase Profiling Service. The Z′-LYTE® Screening Protocol was used to obtain the results for the following kinases: AMPK A2/B1/G1, BMX, BTK, MAPK14 (p38 alpha), PLK1, TXK. The LanthaScreen Protocol was used to obtain the result for the following kinase: NUAK2.

AMPK A2/B1/G1 refers to an AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) which is a heterotrimeric complex that acts as a sensor of cellular energy levels. The signalling cascades initiated by activating AMPK are critical to regulating metabolic events in the liver, skeletal muscle, heart, adipose tissue, and pancreas. An impairment in fuel metabolism that occurs in obesity is a factor leading to Type 2 diabetes. The insulin resistance associated with Type 2 diabetes is most profound at the level of skeletal muscle, the primary site of glucose and fatty acid utilisation. Activation of AMPK is of interest for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes.

Bone marrow tyrosine kinase (BMX) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that belongs to the Src-related TEC subfamily of tyrosine kinases. It is an important regulator of various cellular processes including apoptosis, cell survival, cellular differentiation, cell migration, and transformation. A positive result from a BMX kinase assay is an indicator of potential therapeutic treatment of cancer.

The Src-family kinases are examples of proteins that utilise autophosphorylation to sustain their activated states. Src kinases are involved in intracellular signalling pathways that influence cell growth and cell adhesion strength. The latter contributes to the control of cell migration. In this way, Src-kinase deregulation can enhance tumour growth and invasive potential of cancer cells. Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src also known as proto-oncogene c-Src or simply c-Src is a non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase protein that in humans is encoded by the SRC gene. This protein phosphorylates specific tyrosine residues in other proteins. An elevated level of activity of c-Src tyrosine kinase is suggested to be linked to cancer progression by promoting other signals. Therefore, inhibition of c-Src kinase provides a potential cancer therapy.

MAPK14 refers to a mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 (p38 alpha) which is a member of the stress-activated protein kinase class of MAPKs, MAPK14 is activated by environmental stresses and cytokines, and requires phosphorylation (often by MAPK kinase). MAPK14 is involved in cell differentiation, proliferation, development and transcription regulation. Inhibition of this kinase is relevant to the treatment of cancer,

NUAK2 is a melanoma oncogene. PLK1 is a proto-oncogene involved in colon and lung cancers. Inhibition of these kinases provide a potential cancer therapy.

Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase belonging to the SRC-related TEC subfamily of tyrosine kinases. It is involved in primary immunodeficiency disease. Mutations in the BTK gene have been linked to severe developmental blocks in human B-cell ontogeny and immunodeficiency disorders.

TXK1 is another member of the TEC kinase family. Along with close relatives BMS, ITK and BTK, this kinase signals downstream of antigen receptors and other types of receptors. It is involved in T-helper 1 (Th1) cytokine production.

Compound 10 was found to be growth inhibitory towards immortalised HL-60 (human leukaemia) and MCF7 (breast cancer) cell lines (IC₅₀ 3.6 and 9.0 μM, respectively) using MTT assays. This compound also demonstrated inhibition of the following kinases (single-point, percent inhibitions at 10 μM is given in brackets): BTK (Bruton's tyrosine kinase, 83%), AMPK A2/B1/G1 (81%), PLK1 (81%), BMX (80%), NUAK2 (76%), MAPK14 (p38 alpha, 74%), TXK (71%).

Compound 14 was found to be growth inhibitory towards immortalised HL-60 (human leukaemia) and 1A9 (ovarian cancer) cell lines (IC₅₀ 2.2 and 3.4 μM, respectively) using MTT assays.

Compound 19 was found to be modestly growth inhibitory towards immortalised HL-60 (human leukaemia) cell line (IC₅₀ 42 μM) using a MTT assay.

Therefore, compounds 10, 14 and 19 represent potential leads for the treatment of cancer, Type 2 diabetes and immune disease. The inhibition of PTH-induced bone resorption by the parent compound TAN-2483B also indicates a potential therapeutic application in osteoporosis by this class of compounds.

Pharmaceutical Formulations and Administration

The compounds of the invention may be administered to a patient by a variety of routes, including orally, parenterally, by inhalation spray, topically, rectally, nasally, buccally, intravenously, intra-muscularly, intra-dermally, subcutaneously or via an implanted reservoir, preferably intravenously. The amount of compound to be administered will vary widely according to the nature of the patient and the nature and extent of the disorder to be treated. Typically the dosage for an adult human will be in the range 50-4800 μg/m² or μg/kg. The specific dosage required for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors, including the patient's age, body weight, general health, sex, etc.

For oral administration the compounds of the invention can be formulated into solid or liquid preparations, for example tablets, capsules, powders, solutions, suspensions and dispersions. Such preparations are well known in the art as are other oral dosage regimes not listed here. In the tablet form the compounds may be tableted with conventional tablet bases such as lactose, sucrose and corn starch, together with a binder, a disintegration agent and a lubricant. The binder may be, for example, corn starch or gelatin, the disintegrating agent may be potato starch or alginic acid, and the lubricant may be magnesium stearate. For oral administration in the form of capsules, diluents such as lactose and dried corn-starch may be employed. Other components such as colourings, sweeteners or flavourings may be added.

When aqueous suspensions are required for oral use, the active ingredient may be combined with carriers such as water and ethanol, and emulsifying agents, suspending agents and/or surfactants may be used. Colourings, sweeteners or flavourings may also be added.

The compounds may also be administered by injection in a physiologically acceptable diluent such as water or saline. The diluent may comprise one or more other ingredients such as ethanol, propylene glycol, an oil or a pharmaceutically acceptable surfactant. In one preferred embodiment, the compounds are administered by intravenous injection, where the diluent comprises an aqueous solution of sucrose, L-histidine and a pharmaceutically acceptable surfactant, e.g. Tween 20.

The compounds may also be administered topically. Carriers for topical administration of the compounds include mineral oil, liquid petrolatum, white petrolatum, propylene glycol, polyoxyethylene, polyoxypropylene compound, emulsifying wax and water. The compounds may be present as ingredients in lotions or creams, for topical administration to skin or mucous membranes. Such creams may contain the active compounds suspended or dissolved in one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. Suitable carriers include mineral oil, sorbitan monostearate, polysorbate 60, cetyl ester wax, cetearyl alcohol, 2-octyldodecanol, benzyl alcohol and water.

The compounds may further be administered by means of sustained release systems. For example, they may be incorporated into a slowly dissolving tablet or capsule.

Any reference to prior art documents in this specification is not to be considered an admission that such prior art is widely known or forms part of the common general knowledge in the field.

As used in this specification, the words “comprises”, “comprising”, and similar words, are not to be interpreted in an exclusive or exhaustive sense. In other words, they are intended to mean “including, but not limited to”.

The invention is further described with reference to the following examples. It will be appreciated that the invention as claimed is not intended to be limited in any way by these examples.

EXAMPLES Example 1 (−)-TAN-2483B Z-ethyl ester (10) Synthesis of Compound 2

A solution of glycal 1 (493 mg, 1.78 mmol) in a solution of bromoform (5 mL) was treated with K₂CO₃ (1.50 g, 10.9 mmol), sodium acetate (540 mg, 6.48 mmol) and 18-crown-6 (20 mg, 0.076 mmol). To the resulting suspension was added tetra-n-butylammonium bromide (93 mg, 0.304 mmol) and the mixture stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. It was then heated to 82° C. and stirred for two days. The reaction mixture was filtered and concentrated to provide a dark-brown liquid. This crude material was purified by column chromatography (9:1 petroleum ether:ethyl acetate) to obtain the product acetate 2 as an inseparable mixture of anomers and as a colourless oil (364 mg, 47%, 4:1α:β) together with starting material as a yellow oil (69 mg, 14%, contaminated with bromoform). 2: R_(f) 0.18 (10:1 petroleum ether:ethyl acetate); ¹H NMR: (CDCl₃) δ=7.38-7.32 (complex m, 5H, Bn), 6.49 (d, J=5.3, 0.2H, H−3), 6.48 (d, J=6.1 Hz, 0.8H, H−3), 6.35 (s, 0.2H, H−1), 6.25 (s, 0.8H, H−1), 4.71 (s, 1.6H, PhCH₂), 4.69 (s, 0.4H, PhCH₂), 4.40 (m, 1H, H−6), 4.10 (m, 1H, H−7a), 4.04 (dd, J=8.8, 4.7 Hz, 0.8H, H−7b), 3.94 (apparent d, J=6.1 Hz, 0.8H,H−4), 3.92 (dd, J=5.8, 2.6 Hz, 0.2H, H−4), 3.89-3.84 (complex m, 0.4H, H−5, H−7b), 3.70 (dd, J=8.5, 2.0 Hz, 0.8H, H−5), 2.15 (s, 2.4H, Ac), 2.12 (s, 0.6H, Ac), 1.41 (s, 0.6H, (CH₃)₂C),1.39 (s, 2.4H, (CH₃)₂C) 1.38 (s, 0.6H, (CH₃)₂C) 1.36 (s, 2.4H, (CH₃)₂C); ¹³C NMR:(CDCl₃) δ 169.5 (C, CH₃CO), 169.2 (C, CH₃CO), 138.0 (C, Bn), 137.8 (C, Bn), 131.6 (CH, C−3), 130.2 (CH, C−3), 128.39 (CH, Bn), 128.24 (CH, Bn), 128.06 (CH, Bn), 127.99 (CH, Bn), 127.90 (CH, Bn), 127.54 (CH, Bn), 124.6 (CH,C−2), 122.6 (CH,C−2), 109.5 (C, (CH₃)₂C), 90.6 (CH, C−1), 90.0 (CH, C−1), 73.3 (broad, 2×CH, 2×C−6), 73.0 (CH, C−5), 72.1 (broad, CH₂ and CH, PhCH₂ and C−5), 71.9 (CH₂, PhCH₂), 69.5 (CH, C−4), 69.1 (CH, C−4), 67.1 (CH₂, C−7), 67.0 (CH₂, C−7), 27.01 (CH₃, (CH₃)₂C), 26.91 (CH₃, (CH₃)₂C), 25.93 (CH₃, (CH₃)₂C), 25.31 (CH₃,(CH₃)₂C), 20.92 (CH₃, Ac), 20.91 (CH₃, Ac); IR (film from CHCl₃) v_(max) 1812, 1644, 1604, 1496, 1454, 1328, 1308, 1288, 786, 761, 648 cm⁻¹; HRMS: m/z C₁₉H₂₇ ⁷⁹BrO₆N⁺ [M+NH₄]⁺ calcd 444.1016, found 444.1023, m/z C₁₉H₂₇ ⁸¹BrO₆N⁺ [M+NH₄]⁺ calcd 446.0998, found 446.1007.

Synthesis of Compounds 3 and 4

Bis(trimethyl)silylacetylene (1.0 mL, 5.11 mmol) and acetate 2 (546 mg, 1.27 mmol) were dissolved in dry CH₂Cl₂ (12 mL) and cooled to −78° C. Then SnCl₄ (1.27 mL, 1M solution in CH₂Cl₂) was added dropwise into the cold solution. The combined solution was stirred for 2 hours at the same temperature and then was quenched with NaHCO₃ (15 mL) and extracted into CH₂Cl₂ (2×10 mL). The crude mixture containing acetonide 3 and diol 4 was purified by gradient column chromatography (20:1 to 2:1 petroleum ether:ethyl acetate) to yield 3 (92 mg, 15%) as a colourless oil and diol 4 (156 mg, 29%) as a colourless oil.

The remaining 3 could be converted into 4 in the following manner. Acetonide-protected alkyne 3 (95 mg, 0.19 mmol) was dissolved in 2 mL of acetonitrile and cooled to 0° C. using an ice-water bath. Then it was treated with trifluoroacetic acid (0.5 mL, 6.5 mmol) and slowly warmed up to room temperature. After stirring for 45 min at room temperature, the solution was carefully quenched with powdered NaHCO₃ and diluted with distilled water. The organic compounds were extracted into CH₂Cl₂, the organic phase was dried, filtered and concentrated to afford diol 4 (81 mg, quantitative) as a colourless oil (combined yield of 4: 44%). 3: R_(f) 0.45 (5:1 petroleum ether:ethyl acetate); [α]_(D) ²²=−45 (c 0.32, CH₂Cl₂) ¹H NMR: (CDCl₃) δ=7.37-7.27 (complex m, 5H, Bn), 6.26 (d, J=5.5 Hz, 1H, H−5), 4.92 (s, 1H, H−3), 4.69 (s, 2H, PhCH₂), 4.40 (apparent dd, J=13.7, 5.4 Hz ¹H, H−9a), 4.15 (dd, J=14.0, 6.6 Hz, 1H, H−9b), 3.97 (complex m, 1H, H−8), 3.90 (complex m, J, 2H, H⁻7, H−6), 1.41 (s, 3H, (CH₃)₂C), 1.40 (s, 3H, (CH₃)₂C), 0.18 (s, 9H, (CH₃)₃Si); ¹³C NMR: (CDCl₃) 6 138.0 (C, Bn), 128.36 (CH, Bn), 128.08 (CH, Bn), 127.84 (CH, Bn), 126.9 (CH,C−5), 124.9 (C, C−4), 109.4 (C, (CH₃)₂C), 99.4 (C, C−2), 92.3 (C, C−1), 74.2 (CH, C−6), 72.9 (CH, C−8),72.1 (CH₂, PhCH₂), 69.9 (CH, C−3), 69.9 (CH, C−7), 67.6 (CH₂, C−9), 26.8 (CH₃, (CH₃)₂C), 25.5 (CH₃, (CH₃)₂C); IR (film from CH₂Cl₂) v_(max) 2986, 2959, 2873, 1643, 1455, 1297, 1106, 1079, 1212, 906, 841, 731, 697 cm⁻¹; HRMS: m/z C₂₂H₃₀ ⁸¹BrO₄Si⁺ [M+H]⁺ calcd 467.1074, found 467.1056. 4: R_(f) 0.38 (2:1 petroleum ether:ethyl acetate); [α]_(D) ²¹=−100 (c 0.2, CH₂Cl₂); ¹H NMR: (CDCl₃) δ=7.38-7.31 (complex m, 5H, Bn), 6.37 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 1H, H−5), 4.95 (s, 1H, H−3), 4.73 (d, J=11.7 Hz, 1H, PhCH₂), 4.59 (d, J=11.7 Hz, 1H, PhCH₂), 4.02-3.96 (complex m, 3H, H−6, H−7, H−8), 4.01-3.84 (apparent d, J=11.6 Hz, H, H−9a), 3.78 (dd, J=11.6, 4.6 Hz, 1H, H−9b), 0.18 (s, 9H, (CH₃)₃Si); ¹³C NMR:(CDCl₃) δ 137.6 (C, Bn), 128.69 (CH, Bn), 128.55 (CH, Bn), 128.19 (CH, Bn), 126.4 (CH, C−5), 125.5 (CH, C−4), 99.3 (C, C−2), 92.4 (C, C−1), 72.5 (CH, C−6), 71.2 (CH₂, PhCH₂), 69.93 (CH, C−7 or C−8 or C−3), 69.76 (CH, C−7 or C−8 or C−3), 69.38 (CH, C−7 or C−8 or C−3) 64.0 (CH₂, C−9); IR (film from CH₂Cl₂) v_(max) 3486, 2985, 2873, 1644, 1454, 1297, 1106, 1079, 912, 843, 732, 698 cm⁻¹; HRMS: m/z C₁₉H₂₅ ⁸¹BrO₄SiNa⁺ [M+Na]⁺ calcd 449.0580, found 449.0575.

Synthesis of Compounds 5 and 6

Diol 4 (270 mg, 0.63 mmol) was dissolved in dichloromethane (7.5 mL) and treated with MeOH (1.5 mL). The reaction mixture became a white suspension and was stirred until the reaction was deemed complete (2 hours). This mixture was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ and filtered into a brine solution. The aqueous layer was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×10 mL) and the combined organic fractions evaporated at room temperature under reduced pressure to afford the diol-containing terminal alkyne as a white solid. The product was used in the next reaction without further purification. R_(f) 0.29 (1:1 petroleum ether:ethyl acetate); m.p. 147.9-148.8° C.; [α]_(D) ²²=−100 (c 0.1, CH₂Cl₂); ¹H NMR: (CDCl₃) δ=7.39-7.31 (complex m, 5H, Bn), 6.42 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 1H, H−5), 5.00 (s, 1H, H−3), 4.74 (d, J=11.8 Hz, 1H, PhCH₂), 4.60 (d, J=11.7 Hz, 1H, PhCH₂), 4.03 (dd, J=5.6, 2.2 Hz, 1H, H−6), 3.99-3.79 (complex m, 2H, H−7, H−8), 3.86-3.84 (apparent d, J=10.6 Hz, 1H, H−9a), 3.78 (dd, J=10.9, 5.2 Hz, 1H, H−9b), 2.53 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H, H−1); ¹³C NMR:(CDCl₃) δ 137.6 (C, Bn), 128.69 (CH, Bn), 128.22 (CH, Bn), 128.04 (CH, Bn), 126.7 (CH, C−5), 125.1 (CH, C−4), 78.2 (C, C−2), 75.0 (C, C−1), 72.5 (CH, C−7 or C−8), 71.3 (CH₂, PhCH₂), 69.8 (CH, C−7 or C−8), 69.4 (CH, C−6), 69.2 (CH, C−3) 63.8 (CH₂, C−9); IR (film from CH₂Cl₂) v_(max) 3486, 3088, 2981, 1496, 1455, 1369, 1339, 1252, 1214, 1129, 987, 848 cm⁻¹; HRMS: m/z C₁₆H₁₈ ⁸¹BrO₄ ⁺ [M+H]⁺ calcd 353.0388, found 353.0367.

A solution of the crude diol described above (120 mg, 0.34 mmol) in THF (10 mL) and pH 7 phosphate buffer (3 mL) was treated with NaIO₄ (508 mg, 2.38 mmol) in one portion. The resulting mixture was stirred for 1 hour, diluted with brine (50 mL), and extracted with Et₂O (3×50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄ and evaporated to give a colourless oil, which was used without further purification. Next the crude aldehyde product was dissolved in THF (10 mL) and treated with ethyl triphenylphosphoranylidene acetate (236 mg, 0.68 mmol). The solution was stirred overnight before concentrating under reduced pressure and purifying with column chromatography (14:1 petroleum ether:ethyl acetate) to yield both (Z)-isomer 5 (94 mg, 38%) and (E)-isomer 6 (25 mg, 10%) as colourless oils (combined yield: 48% over three steps). 5: R_(f) 0.33 (14:1 petroleum ether:ethyl acetate); [α]_(D) ²⁰=−188 (c 0.26, CH₂Cl₂); ¹H NMR: (CDCl₃) δ=7.33-7.26 (complex m, 5H, Bn), 6.35 (dd, J=5.4, 1.2 Hz, 1H, H−5), 6.33 (dd, J=11.3, 6.8 Hz, 1H, H−8), 5.93 (d, J=11.3 Hz, 1H, H−9), 5.55 (broad d, J=6.6 Hz, 1H, H−7), 5.02 (s, 1H, H−3), 4.58 (d, J=11.4 Hz, 1H, PhCH₂), 4.50 (d, J=11.7 Hz, 1H, PhCH₂), 4.20 (dd, J=5.6, 2.7 Hz 1H, H−6), 4.14 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H, OEt), 2.50 (s, 1H, H−1), 1.28 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H, OEt); ¹³C NMR:(CDCl₃) δ 165.6 (C, C−10), 144.8 (CH, C−8), 137.5 (C, Bn), 128.40 (CH, Bn), 128.2 (CH, C−5), 127.98 (CH, Bn), 127.89 (CH, Bn), 120.5 (C, C−9), 78.1 (C, C−2), 75.1 (CH, C−1), 71.8 (CH₂, Bn), 71.3 (CH, C−6), 71.0 (CH, C−7), 68.8 (CH, C−3), 60.4 (CH₂, OEt), 14.2 (CH₃, OEt); IR (film from CH₂Cl₂) v_(max) 3031, 2931, 2872, 2116, 1648, 1539, 1454, 1497, 1388, 1366, 1334, 1031, 911, 846, 735, 698 cm⁻¹; HRMS: m/z C₁₉H₂₁ ⁸¹BrO₄ ⁺ [M+H]⁺ calcd 393.0521, found 393.0533. 6: R_(f) 0.45 (2:1 petroleum ether:ethyl acetate); [α]_(D) ²⁰=−112 (c 0.34, CH₂Cl₂); ¹H NMR: (CDCl₃) δ 7.37-7.26 (complex m, 5H, Bn), 7.02 (dd, J=15.8, 4.2 Hz, 1H, H−8), 6.34 (d, J=5.5 Hz, 1H, H−5), 6.22 (dd, J=15.8, 1.5 Hz, 1H, H−9), 5.09 (s, 1H, H−3), 4.73 (m, 1H, H−7), 4.61 (d, J=11.8 Hz, 1H, PhCH₂), 4.53 (d, J=11.8 Hz, 1H, PhCH₂), 4.23 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H, OEt), 3.92 (dd, J=5.3, 2.8 Hz, 1H, H−6), 2.53 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H, H−1), 1.31 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H, OEt); ¹³C NMR:(CDCl₃) δ 166.0 (C, C−10), 142.5 (CH, C−8), 137.4 (C, Bn), 128.13 (CH, Bn), 128.03 (CH, Bn), 127.99 (CH, Bn), 126.6 (CH, C−5), 124.9 (C, C−4), 122.7 (CH, C−9), 77.9 (C, C−2), 75.3 (CH, C−1), 72.2 (CH, C−7), 71.1 (CH₂, PhCH₂), 71.0 (CH, C−6), 60.5 (CH₂, OEt), 14.6 (CH₃, OEt); IR (film from CH₂Cl₂) v_(max) 2360, 2115, 1664, 1496, 1454, 1392, 1368, 898, 847, 798, 645, 631, 603 cm⁻¹; HRMS: m/z C₁₉H₂₃ ⁸¹BrO₄N⁺ [M+NH₄]⁺ calcd 408.0805, found 408.0819.

Synthesis of Compound 7

A sample of Z-ethyl ester 5 (125 mg, 0.32 mmol) was dissolved in THF (1.5 mL). HgSO₄ in H₂SO₄ (10% aqueous solution, 1.5 mL, 19 mg, 0.2 equiv) was added to this solution. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. The mixture was diluted with Et₂O (5 mL) and carefully neutralised with NaHCO₃ powder until pH=7 was reached. The aqueous layer was washed with Et₂O (3×5 mL). The organic layers were combined and dried over MgSO₄. The crude product was chromatographed (9:1 petroleum ether: ethyl acetate) to yield the product 7 as a clear oil (95 mg, 72%). 7: R_(f) 0.31 (9:1 petroleum ether:ethyl acetate); [α]_(D) ²¹=−133 (c 0.14, CH₂Cl₂); ¹H NMR: (CDCl₃) δ 7.34-7.28 (complex m, 5H, Bn), 6.48 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H,H−5), 6.36 (dd, J=11.6, 7.2 Hz, 1H,H−8), 5.94 (d, J=11.9 Hz, 1H,H−9), 5.31 (broad d, J=6.9 Hz, 1H, H−7), 4.74 (s, 1H, H−3), 4.59 (d, J=11.9 Hz, 1H, PhCH₂), 4.52 (d, J=11.7 Hz, 1H, PhCH₂), 4.17 (dd, J=5.0, 3.0 Hz, 1H, H−6), 4.13 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H, OEt), 2.32 (s, 3H, H−1), 1.27 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H, OEt); ¹³C NMR:(CDCl₃) δ 202.8 (C, C−2), 165.3 (C, C−10), 144.5 (CH, C−8), 137.5 (C, Bn), 128.43 (CH, C−5), 128.40 (CH, Bn), 128.04 (CH, Bn), 127.97 (CH, Bn), 121.50 (C, C−9), 81.2 (CH,C−3), 71.8 (CH₂, Bn), 71.4 (CH, C−6), 71.2 (CH, C−7), 60.5 (CH₂, OEt), 28.1 (CH₃, C−1), 14.1 (CH₃, OEt); IR (film from CH₂Cl₂) v_(max) 3063, 2872, 1649, 1496, 1454, 1388, 1302, 979, 697 cm⁻¹; HRMS: m/z C₁₉H₂₅BrO₅N⁺ [M+NH₄]⁺ calcd 426.0911, found 426.0902.

Synthesis of Compound 8

A sample of methyl ketone 7 (95 mg, 0.23 mmol) was dissolved in MeOH (2 mL) and cooled to −78° C. using an acetone-dry ice bath and treated with NaBH₄ (9 mg, 0.28 mmol). The solution was stirred for 45 minutes at the same temperature to complete the reaction. Unreacted NaBH₄ was quenched with acetone (1 mL). The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue redissolved in dichloromethane. The organic phase was washed with water. The extracted organic layer was evaporated and purified by column chromatography (5:1 petroleum ether:ethyl acetate) to yield product 8 as a colourless oil (85 mg, 91%). 8: R_(f) 0.24 (5:1 petroleum ether: ethyl acetate); [α]_(D) ²⁰=−65 (c 0.2, CH₂Cl₂). ¹H NMR: (CDCl₃) δ=7.34-7.28 (complex m, 5H, Bn), 6.48 (dd, J=4.8, 1.4 Hz, 1H, H−5), 6.44 (dd, J=11.7, 7.8 Hz, 1H, H−8), 5.99 (d, J=11.8 Hz, 1H, H−9), 5.80 (ddd, J=7.6, 3.2, 1.6 Hz, 1H, H−7), 4.62 (d, J=12.0 Hz, 1H, PhCH₂), 4.55 (d, J=12.0 Hz, 1H, PhCH₂), 4.36 (m, 1H, H−2), 4.16 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H, OEt), 4.12 (partially obscured dd, J=4.2, 3.4 Hz, 1H, H−6), 4.05 (apparent s, 1H, H−3), 1.34 (d, 3H, J=6.9 Hz, H−1), 1.28 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H, OEt); ¹³C NMR:(CDCl₃) δ 165.7 (C, C−10), 144.3 (CH, C−8), 137.8 (C, Bn), 129.2 (CH, C−5), 128.39 (CH, Bn), 128.87 (CH, Bn), 127.84 (CH, Bn), 125.2 (C, C−4), 122.5 (CH,C−9), 79.5 (CH, C−3), 71.8 (CH, C−6), 71.4 (CH₂, PhCH₂), 69.9 (CH, C−7),68.0 (CH, C−2), 60.5 (CH₂, OEt), 19.6 (CH₃, C−1), 14.1 (CH₃, OEt); IR (film from CH₂Cl₂) v_(max) 3467, 3031, 2980, 2930, 1650, 1454, 1232, 1147, 856, 827, 697 cm⁻¹; HRMS: m/z C₁₉H₂₅O₅ ⁺ [M+H]⁺ calcd 333.1697, found 333.1686.

Synthesis of Compound 9

Alcohol 8 (42 mg, 0.11 mmol) was dissolved in 1,4-dioxane (2 mL). Then XantPhos (15 mg, 0.025 mmol, 20 mol %), palladium acetate (6 mg, 0.025 mmol, 20 mol %), sodium carbonate (67 mg, 0.63 mmol), TBAI (9 mg, 0.025 mmol) and triethylamine (0.18 ml, 1.26 mmol) were added sequentially. CO gas was bubbled through the reaction mixture for a few minutes to saturate the solution with CO. Then the flask was connected to a reflux condenser under an atmosphere of CO (balloon). The whole set-up was evacuated and purged with CO three times and stirred vigorously at 95° C. overnight. Another portion of XantPhos and palladium acetate (10 mol % each) was added after 16 hours and the mixture stirred vigorously at 95° C. under CO until the reaction was complete (a further 3 hours). The mixture was diluted with dichloromethane and filtered through a silica plug. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (3:1 petroleum ether: ethyl acetate) to yield the lactone 9 as a colourless oil (22 mg, 60%). 9: R_(f) 0.37 (5:1 petroleum ether:ethyl acetate); [α]_(D) ²⁰=−178 (c 0.18, CH₂Cl₂); ¹H NMR: (CDCl₃) δ=7.35-7.28 (complex m, 5H, Bn), 7.22 (dd, J=5.4, 3.2 Hz, 1H, H−5), 6.49 (dd, J=11.5, 7.7 Hz, 1H, H−8), 5.99 (dd, J=11.5, 1.0 Hz, 1H, H−9), 5.28 (m, 1H, H−7), 5.14 (dd, J=7.5, 3.2 Hz, 1H, H⁻3), 4.85 (apparent q, J=6.8 Hz, 2H, H−2), 4.60 (d, J=11.9 Hz, 1H, PhCH₂), 4.51 (d, J=12.2 Hz, 1H, PhCH₂), 4.42 (dd, J=5.4, 2.9 Hz 1H, H−6), 4.15 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H, OEt), 1.29-1.26 (apparent m , 6H, OEt, C−1); ¹³C NMR:(CDCl₃) 6 166.4 (C, C−13), 165.6 (C, C−10), 145.5 (CH, C−8), 137.4.0 (C, Bn), 134.9 (CH, C−5), 132.3 (C, C−4), 128.48 (CH, Bn), 128.07 (CH, Bn), 127.80 (CH, Bn), 122.3 (CH,C−9), 78.4 (CH, C−2), 71.8 (CH₂, PhCH₂), 71.6 (CH, C−7), 71.2 (CH, C−3),69.5 (CH, C−6), 60.5 (CH₂, OEt), 15.4 (CH₃, OEt or 1), 14.2 (CH₃, OEt or C−1); IR (film from CH₂Cl₂) v_(max) 2983, 1650, 1454, 1413, 1386, 1298, 1096, 920, 829, 736, 689, 632 cm⁻¹; HRMS: m/z C₂₃H₂₃O₆ ⁺ [M+H]⁺ calcd 362.1595, found 362.1575.

Synthesis of Compound 10

To a solution of lactone 9 (30.0 mg, 0.08 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL) was added TiCl₄ (27 μL, 0.25 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (0.1 mL) at 0° C. After stirring at the same temperature for 10 min, the reaction was quenched with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (5 mL), and the organic layer was separated and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×5 mL). The organic layers were combined and dried over anhydrous MgSO₄. After filtration and concentration under reduced pressure, the crude product was purified by column chromatography (2:1 petroleum ether : ethyl acetate) to yield (Z)-TAN-2483B ethyl ester 10 as a colourless oil (13 mg, 56%). 10: R_(f) 0.17 (2:1 petroleum ether:ethyl acetate); ¹H NMR: (CDCl₃) δ=7.16 (dd, J=5.4, 3.4 Hz, 1H, H−5), 6.44 (dd, J=11.7, 7.8 Hz, 1H, H−8), 6.07 (dd, J=11.7, 1.2 Hz, 1H, H−9, 5.32 (ddd, J=7.8, 3.4, 1.4 Hz, 1H, H−7), 5.12 (ddd, J=5.4, 3.2, 1.3 Hz, 1H, H−3), 4.85 (quintet, J=6.8 Hz, 2H, H−2), 4.71 (dd, J=4.8, 3.6 Hz 1H, H−6), 4.19 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H, OEt), 1.32-1.28 (apparent m, 6H, OEt, H−1); ¹³C NMR: (CDCl₃) δ 166.4 (C, C−10), 166.1 (C, C−13), 143.7 (CH, C−8), 135.4 (CH, C−5), 130.9 (C, C−4), 123.3 (CH,C−9), 78.0 (CH, C−2), 72.9 (CH, C−3), 70.4 (CH, C−7),69.6 (CH, C−6), 60.9(CH₂, OEt), 15.2 (CH₃, OEt or C−1), 14.1 (CH₃, OEt or C−1), IR (film from CH₂Cl₂) v_(max) 3572, 3458, 1650, 1447, 1414, 1386, 1331, 1301, 1121, 1042, 968, 917, 852, 822, 764, 731 cm⁻¹; HRMS: m/z C₁₃H₁₇O₆ ⁺ [M+H]⁺ calcd 268.0947, found 269.1012.

Example 2 (−)-TAN-2483B E-ethyl ester (14) Synthesis of Compound 11

A sample of alkyne 6 (35 mg, 0.09 mmol) was dissolved in THF (0.7 mL). HgSO₄ (5 mg, 0.2 equiv, in 0.7 mL of 10% H₂SO₄ solution) was added to this solution. Then this solution was stirred at room temperature until the starting material disappeared (overnight). The mixture was diluted with Et₂O (5 mL) and carefully neutralised with powdered NaHCO₃ until pH=7. The aqueous layer was washed with Et₂O (3×5 mL). The organic layers were combined and dried over MgSO₄. After filtering and concentrating under reduced pressure, the crude product was chromatographed (5:1 petroleum ether: ethyl acetate) to yield the product 11 as clear oil (22 mg, 61%). 11: R_(f) 0.25 (5:1 petroleum ether: ethyl acetate); [α]_(D) ²³=−224 (c 0.45, CH₂Cl₂); ¹H-NMR: (CDCl₃) δ_(H) 7.36-7.29 (complex m, 5H, Bn), 6.98 (dd, J=15.8, 4.2 Hz, 1H, H−9), 6.50 (dd, J=4.1, 0.7 Hz, 1H, H−5), 6.19 (dd, J=15.8, 1.4 Hz, 1H, H−8), 4.81 (s, 1H, H−3), 4.62 (d, J=11.7 Hz, 1H, PhCH₂), 4.54 (d, J=12.0 Hz, 1H, PhCH₂), 4.47 (m, 1H, H−7), 4.24 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H, OEt), 3.95 (dd, J=4.3, 3.8 Hz, 1H, H−6), 2.33 (s, 3H, H−1), 1.32 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H, OEt); ¹³C-NMR: (CDCl₃) δ_(C) 202.6 (C, C−2), 165.3 (C, C−10), 142.1 (CH, C−9), 137.3 (C, Bn), 128.53 (CH, Bn), 128.52 (CH, Bn), 128.09 (CH, Bn), 127.99 (CH, C−5), 123.1 (CH, C−8), 121.2 (C, C−4), 80.8 (CH, C−3), 72.8 (CH, C−7), 71.2 (CH, C−6 and CH₂, PhCH₂), 60.6 (CH₂, OEt), 28.1 (CH₃, C−1), 14.2 (CH₃, OEt); IR (film from Et₂O) v_(max) 3063, 1664, 1642, 1604, 1496, 1419, 924, 866, 612 cm⁻¹; HRMS: m/z C₁₉H₂₅ ⁸¹BrO₅N⁺ [M+NH₄]⁺ calcd 426.0911, found 426.0929.

Synthesis of Compound 12

A sample of methyl ketone 11 (22 mg, 0.05 mmol) was dissolved in MeOH (1 mL), cooled to −78° C. and treated with NaBH₄ (2 mg, 0.06 mmol). The solution was stirred for 15 minutes at same temperature to complete the reaction. Unreacted NaBH₄ was quenched with acetone (1 mL). Solvents were removed under reduced pressure, redissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) and washed with distilled water (10 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×10 mL). Organic fractions were combined, evaporated and purified by column chromatography (5:1 petroleum ether:ethyl acetate) to yield compound 12 as a colourless oil (19 mg, 91%). 12: R_(f) 0.14 (5:1 petroleum ether: ethyl acetate); [α]_(D) ²¹=−137 (c 0.15, CH₂Cl₂); ¹H-NMR: (CDCl₃) δ_(H) 7.37-7.27 (complex m, 5H, Bn), 7.03 (dd, J=15.8, 4.3 Hz, 1H, H−8), 6.46 (dd, J=3.8, 1.6 Hz, 1H, H−5), 6.20 (d, J=15.7 Hz, 1H, H−9), 4.95 (m, 1H, H−7), 4.61 (d, J=12.1 Hz, 2H, PhCH₂), 4.56 (d, J=12.0 Hz, 2H, PhCH₂), 4.39 (m, 1H, H−3), 4.23 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 2H, OEt), 4.14-4.06 (complex m, 2H, H−2 and H−6), 1.32-1.24 (complex m, 6H, H−1 and OEt); ¹³C-NMR: (CDCl₃) δ_(C) 166.2 (C, C−10), 142.8 (CH, C−8), 137.5 (C, Bn), 129.5 (CH, C−5), 128.49 (CH, Bn), 128.08 (CH, Bn), 127.88 (CH, Bn), 124.1 (C, C−4), 123.2 (CH, C−9), 78.5 (CH, C−2), 72.9 (CH, C−7), 72.0 (CH, C−6), 71.1 (CH₂, PhCH₂), 68.0 (CH, C−3), 60.7 (CH₂, OEt), 19.3 (CH₃, C−1), 14.1 (CH₃, OEt); IR (film from CH₂Cl₂) v_(max) 3572, 3458, 2983, 2926, 1650, 1447, 1414, 1331, 1121, 1042, 968, 852, 822, 764, 731 cm⁻¹; HRMS: m/z C₁₉H₂₇ ⁸¹BrNO₅ ⁺ [M+NH₄]⁺ calcd 428.1073, found 428.1078.

Synthesis of Compound 13

A sample of E-ethyl ester 12 (20 mg, 0.05 mmol) was dissolved in 1,4-dioxane (1 mL). Then XantPhos (5.6 mg, 9.72×10⁻³ mmol, 20%), palladium acetate (2 mg, 9.72×10⁻³ mmol, 20%), sodium carbonate (25 mg, 0.24 mmol), TBAI (3 mg, 9.72×10⁻³ mmol) and triethylamine (68 μL, 0.49 mmol) were added accordingly. This mixture was bubbled with CO for a few minutes to saturate the solution with CO. Then the flask was connected to a reflux condenser and placed under an atmosphere of CO (balloon). The whole set-up was evacuated and purged with CO three times and stirred vigorously at 95° C. for 2.5 hours. Then the solution was diluted with dichloromethane (5 mL) and filtered through a silica plug. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (3:1 petroleum ether: ethyl acetate) to yield lactone 13 as a colourless oil (8 mg, 46%). 13: R_(f) 0.24 (3:1 petroleum ether: ethyl acetate); [α]_(D) ²⁰=−234 (c 0.3, CHCl₃); ¹H-NMR: (CDCl₃) δ_(H) 7.38-7.29 (complex m, 5H, Bn), 7.13 (dd, J=4.3, 3.7 Hz, 1H, H−5), 7.06 (dd, J=15.8, 5.4 Hz, 1H, H−8), 6.23 (dd, J=15.9, 1.2 Hz, 1H, H−9), 5.08 (m, 1H, H−3), 4.86 (quintet, J=6.8 Hz, 1H, H−2), 4.65 (d, J=12.2 Hz, 2H, PhCH₂), 4.54 (d, J=12.2 Hz, 2H, PhCH₂), 4.39 (m, 1H, H−7), 4.28 (apparent t, J=3.6 Hz 1H, H−6), 4.24 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H, OEt), 1.32 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H, OEt), 1.24 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H, H−1); ¹³C-NMR: (CDCl₃) δ_(C) 166.0 (C, C−10), 165.8 (C, C−13), 141.9 (CH, C−8), 137.0 (C, Bn), 134.2 (CH, C−5), 132.2 (C, C−4), 128.63 (CH, Bn), 128.27 (CH, Bn), 127.85 (CH, Bn), 124.9 (CH, C−9), 77.9 (CH, C−2), 74.3 (CH, C−7), 71.8 (CH₂, PhCH₂), 70.5 (CH, C−3), 69.5 (CH, C−6), 60.7 (CH₂, OEt), 15.3 (CH₃, C−1), 14.2 (CH₃, OEt); IR (film from Et₂O) v_(max) 2980, 2959, 2926, 1714, 1662, 1447, 1439, 1384, 1302, 1266, 1180, 1039, 977, 915, 825, 726, 694, 666 cm⁻¹; HRMS: m/z C₂₀H₂₆NO₆ ⁺ [M+NH₄]⁺ calcd 376.1760, found 376.1768.

Synthesis of Compound 14

To a solution of benzyl-protected furopyrone 13 (8.0 mg, 0.02 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL) was added TiCl₄ (7.4 μL, 0.07 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (0.1 mL) at 0° C. After stirring at the same temperature for 10 min, the reaction was quenched with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (5 mL), and the organic layer was separated and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×5 mL). The organic layers were combined and dried over anhydrous MgSO₄. After filtration and concentration under reduced pressure, the crude product was purified by column chromatography (2:1 petroleum ether: ethyl acetate) to yield, as a pale yellow oil, (E)-TAN-2483B ethyl ester 14 (3 mg, 56%). 14: R_(f) 0.33 (1:1 petroleum ether: ethyl acetate); [α]_(D) ²²=−100 (c 0.1, Et₂O); ¹H-NMR: (CDCl₃) δ_(H) 7.17 (dd, J=5.6, 3.3 Hz, 1H, H−5), 7.02 (dd, J=15.7, 5.2 Hz, 1H, H−8), 6.29 (dd, J=15.7, 1.7 Hz, 1H, H−9), 5.13 (dd, J=7.7, 3.1 Hz, 1H, H−3), 4.81 (quintet, J=7.0 Hz, 1H, H−2), 4.56 (m, 1H, H−6), 4.41 (m, 1H, H−7), 4.23 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H, OEt), 1.31 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H, OEt), 1.28 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H, H−1); ¹³C-NMR: (CDCl₃) δ_(C) 165.9 (C, C−13), 165.8 (C, C−10), 141.2 (CH, C−8), 134.8 (CH, C−5), 131.6 (C, C−4), 125.4 (CH, C−9), 77.9 (CH, C−2), 75.1 (CH, C−7), 70.8 (CH, C−3), 63.5 (CH, C−6), 60.8 (CH₂, OEt), 15.3 (CH₃, C−1), 14.2 (CH₃, OEt); IR (film from CDCl₃) v_(max) 3760, 3672, 3644, 3447, 2983, 2929, 1663, 1448, 1370, 1096, 980, 942, 916, 869, 826, 730, 699, 667 cm⁻¹; HRMS: m/z C₁₃H₂₀O₆N⁺ [M+NH₄]⁺ calcd 286.1285, found 286.1290.

Example 3 Hydroxy-TAN-2483B (19) Synthesis of Compound 15

Diol 4 (58 mg, 0.14 mmol) was dissolved in a solution of 20% v/v methanol in dichloromethane (5 mL) and treated with potassium carbonate (94 mg, 0.68 mmol). The solution was stirred at room temperature until the reaction was complete according to TLC analysis. The reaction mixture was filtered, treated with brine (10 mL) and extracted with dichloromethane (3×5 mL). The organic fractions were combined, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄ and evaporated quickly on rotary evaporator (Note: the water bath temperature of the rotary evaporator must be kept close to room temperature to avoid degradation). The crude diol was redissolved in 5 mL of THF and treated with NaIO₄ (145 mg, 0.68 mmol) and stirred one hour at room temperature. Reaction was quenched with 5 mL of brine after starting material has been completely consumed. Then it was extracted into diethyl ether (3×5 mL) and organic layer was dried and evaporated on rotary evaporator. The crude aldehyde was redissolved in dry THF (2 mL) and treated with (triphenylphosphoranylidene)acetaldehyde (42 mg, 0.13 mmol) and stirred overnight at room temperature. The excess solvents in the crude mixture were evaporated and the residue purified by column chromatography (5:1 petroleum ether: ethyl acetate) to obtain 15 as a colourless oil (20 mg, 42% over three steps). 15: R_(f) 0.18 (5:1 petroleum ether:ethyl acetate); [α]_(D) ²¹=−98 (c 1.7, CH₂Cl₂); ¹H NMR: (CDCl₃) δ_(H) 9.60 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H, H−10), 7.38-7.27 (complex m, 5H, Bn), 6.81 (dd, J=15.9, 4.1 Hz, 1H, H−8), 6.44 (ddd, J=15.8, 7.8, 1.9 Hz, 1H, H−9), 6.39 (dd, J=5.4, 1.2 Hz, 1H, H−5), 5.12 (d, J=1.7 Hz, 1H, H−3), 4.83 (complex m, 1H, H−7), 4.63 (d, J=11.9 Hz, 1H, PhCH₂), 4.50 (d, J=11.7 Hz, 1H, PhCH₂), 3.99 (dd, J=5.4, 3.0 Hz, 1H, H−6), 2.55 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H, H−1); ¹³C NMR: (CDCl₃) δ_(C) 192.9 (CH, C−10), 151.0 (CH, C−8), 137. 2 (C, Bn), 132.7 (CH, C−9), 128.59 (CH, Bn), 128.21 (CH, Bn), 128.00 (CH, Bn), 126.3 (CH, C−5), 125.1 (C, C−4), 77.7 (CH, C−2), 75.6 (C, C−1), 72.2 (CH, C−7), 70.8 (CH₂, PhCH₂ and CH, C−6), 69.1 (CH, C−3); IR (film from CDCl₃) v_(max) 2733, 2217, 2154, 1722, 1646, 1496, 1367, 1301, 1209, 848 cm⁻¹; HRMS: m/z C₁₇H₂₁ ⁸¹BrO₃N⁺ [M+NH₄]⁺ calcd 364.0543, found 364.0528.

Synthesis of Compound 16

A sample of alkyne 15 (20 mg, 0.06 mmol) was dissolved in THF (0.5 mL). HgSO₄ in H₂SO₄ (10% aqueous solution, 0.5 mL, 3 mg, 0.012 mmol) was added to this solution. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 hours. The mixture was diluted with Et₂O (5 mL) and carefully neutralized with NaHCO₃ powder until pH=7 was reached. The aqueous layer was washed with Et₂O (3×5 mL). The organic layers were combined and dried over MgSO₄. The crude product was chromatographed (3:1 petroleum ether: ethyl acetate) to yield the product 16 as a clear oil (16 mg, 76%). 16: R_(f) 0.37 (3:1 petroleum ether: ethyl acetate); [α]_(D) ¹⁹=−126.9 (c 0.52, CH₂Cl₂); ¹H NMR: (CDCl₃) δ_(H) 9.58 (d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H, H−10), 7.37-7.27 (complex m, 5H, Bn), 6.77 (dd, J=15.8, 4.1 Hz, 1H, H−8), 6.53 (dd, J=4.9, 1.4 Hz, 1H, H−5), 6.42 (ddd, J=16.0, 7.8, 2.0 Hz, 1H, H−9), 4.84 (s, H, 1H, H−3), 4.63 (complex m, J=11.9 Hz, 2H, PhCH₂ and H−7), 4.52 (d, J=12.0 Hz, 1H, PhCH₂), 4.06 (dd, J=4.9, 1.7 Hz, 1H, H−6), 2.34 (s, 3H, H−1); ¹³C NMR: (CDCl₃) δ_(C) 202.4 (C, C−2), 192.9 (CH, C−10), 150.6 (CH, C−8), 137.1 (C, Bn), 132.9 (CH, C−9), 128.62 (CH, Bn), 128.29 (CH, Bn), 128.0 (CH, Bn), 127.0 (CH, C−5), 121.3 (C, C−4), 80.7 (CH, C−3), 72.8 (CH, C−7), 71.1 (CH, C−6 and CH₂, PhCH₂), 28.4 (CH₃, C−1); IR (film from CDCl₃) v_(max) 2958, 2930, 2871, 2733, 2360, 2341, 1881, 1648, 1551, 1496, 1418, 1273, 1208, 1170, 1144, 861, 790, 620 cm⁻¹; HRMS: m/z C₁₇H₂₁ ⁸¹BrO₄N⁺ [M+NH₄]⁺ calcd 382.0654, found 382.0646.

Synthesis of Compound 17

CeCl₃.7H₂O (16 mg, 0.0301 mmol) was added to a solution of ketoaldehyde 16 (16 mg, 0.0301 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂/EtOH (0.6 mL of a 1:1 v/v mixture) maintained at room temperature. This mixture was then cooled to −78° C., treated with NaBH₄ (5.8 mg, 0.15 mmol) in EtOH (0.3 mL) and stirring continued at −78° C. for one hour. After this time TLC analysis (1:3 ethyl acetate:petroleum ether) showed the absence of starting material. Then 0.5 mL of acetone was added, concentrated under reduced pressure to give yellow oil. This material was purified by flash chromatography (1:1 petroleum ether: ethyl acetate) to obtain 17 as a colourless oil (14 mg, 93%). 17: R_(f) 0.24 (1:1 petroleum ether: ethyl acetate); [α]_(D) ²⁴=−16.6 (c 0.15, CH₂Cl₂); ¹H-NMR: (CDCl₃) δ_(H) 7.36-7.28 (complex m, 5H, Bn), 6.42 (dd, J=3.4, 1.8 Hz, 1H, H−5), 6.07 (dt, J=15.7, 5.3 Hz, 1H, H−9), 5.93 (dd, J=15.9, 6.4 Hz, 1H, H−8), 4.75 (apparent t, J=5.4 Hz, 1H, H−7), 4.62 (d, J=11.9 Hz, 2H, PhCH₂), 4.56 (d, J=11.9 Hz, 2H, PhCH₂), 4.36 (complex m, 1H, H−2), 4.21 (d, J=4.9 Hz, 2H, H−10), 4.08 (dd, J=4.8, 1.9 Hz, 1H, H−6), 4.03 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H, H−3), 1.32 (d, 3H, J=5.6 Hz, H−1); ¹³C-NMR: (CDCl₃) δ_(C) 137.7 (C, Bn), 134.5 (CH, C−9), 130.2 (CH, C−5), 128.48 (CH, Bn), 128.95 (CH, Bn), 127.83 (CH, Bn), 125.8 (CH, C−8), 123.3 (C, C−4), 77.7 (CH, C−3), 73.5 (CH, C−7), 72.9 (CH, C−6), 71.1 (CH₂, PhCH₂), 67.7 (CH, C−2), 63.1 (CH₂, C−10), 19.5 (CH₃, C−1); IR (film from CDCl₃) v_(max) 3628, 3381,3033, 2927, 2630, 2339, 1646, 1455, 1345, 1071, 913, 857, 735, 698, 626 cm⁻¹; HRMS: m/z C₁₇H₂₅ ⁸¹BrO₄N⁺ [M+NH₄]⁺ calcd 386.0961, found 386.0949.

Synthesis of Compound 18

A sample of diol 17 (45 mg, 0.12 mmol) was dissolved in 1 mL of 1,4-dioxane. Then XantPhos (14 mg, 0.0243 mmol, 20%), palladium acetate (6 mg, 0.0243 mmol, 20%), sodium carbonate (65 mg, 0.61 mmol), TBAI (9 mg, 0.0243 mmol) and triethylamine (303 μL, 1.2 mmol) were added sequentially. Then this mixture was bubbled with CO for a few minutes to saturate the solution with CO. Then the flask was connected to a reflux condenser and placed under an atmosphere of CO (balloon). The whole set-up was evacuated and purged with CO three times and stirred vigorously at 95° C. for one day. Then the solution was diluted with dichloromethane (2 mL) and filtered through a silica plug. The crude product was purified by column chromatography (1:1 petroleum ether: ethyl acetate) to yield lactone 18 as a pale yellow oil (20 mg, 52%). 18: R_(f) 0.25 (1:1 petroleum ether:ethyl acetate); [α]_(D) ²¹=−60.6 (c 0.15, CH₂Cl₂); ¹H-NMR: (CDCl₃) δ_(H) 7.38-7.31 (complex m, 5H, Bn), 7.07 (dd, J=7.8, 3.1 Hz, 1H, H−5), 6.09 (dt, J=15.7, 4.7 Hz, 1H, H−9), 6.03 (dd, J=15.7, 6.9 Hz, 1H, H−8), 5.03 (dd, J=7.9, 3.3 Hz, 1H, H−3), 4.83 (quintet, J=6.8 Hz, 1H, H−2), 4.62 (d, J=11.6 Hz, 2H, PhCH₂), 4.56 (d, J=12.1 Hz, 2H, PhCH₂), 4.37 (dd, J=6.6, 3.8 Hz, 1H, H−7), 4.25 (dd, J=6.2, 4.2 Hz, 1H, H⁻6), 4.22 (broad d, J=3.8 Hz, 2H, H−10), 1.24 (d, 3H, J=6.4 Hz, H−1); ¹³C-NMR: (CDCl₃) δ_(C) 166.2 (C, C−11), 137.3 (C, Bn), 135.7 (CH, C−9), 134.6 (CH, C−5), 131.5 (CH, C−4), 128.57 (CH, Bn), 128.17 (CH, Bn), 127.84 (CH, Bn), 125.6 (C, C−8), 77.8 (CH, C−2), 75.3 (CH, C−7), 71.6 (CH₂, PhCH₂), 70.4 (CH, C−6), 70.0 (CH, C−3), 62.9 (CH₂, C−10), 15.3 (CH₃, C−1); IR (film from CDCl₃) v_(max) 3628, 3381,3033, 2927, 1650, 1413, 1386, 1298, 1096, 829, 736, 689, 632 cm⁻¹; HRMS: m/z C₁₈H₁₈O₅Na⁺ [M+Na—H₂O]⁺ calcd 321.1097, found 321.1094.

Synthesis of Compound 19

To a solution of lactone 18 (5.0 mg, 0.016 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (0.5 mL) was added TiCl₄ (5.2 μL, 0.047 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (0.1 mL) at 0° C. After stirring at the same temperature for 10 min, the reaction was quenched with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (2 mL), and the organic layer was separated and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×5 mL). The organic layers were combined and dried over anhydrous MgSO₄. After filtration and concentration under reduced pressure, the crude product was purified by column chromatography (ethyl acetate) to yield hydroxy-TAN-2483B 19 as a colourless oil (2.6 mg, 72%). 19: R_(f) 0.28 (ethyl acetate); [α]_(D) ²¹=−140 (c 0.05, Et₂O); ¹H-NMR: (CDCl₃) O_(H) 7.09 (dd, J=7.5, 3.5 Hz, 1H, H−5), 6.17 (dt, J=15.6, 4.6 Hz, 1H, H−9), 5.98 (dd, J=15.5, 7.0 Hz, 1H, H−8), 5.07 (apparent dt, J=6.4 Hz, 1H, H−3), 4.84 (quintet, J=6.8 Hz, 1H, H−2), 4.49 (m, 1H, H−6), 4.36 (dd, J=6.8, 3.5 Hz, 1H, H−7), 4.26 (broad s, 2H, H−10), 1.27(d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H, H−1); ¹³C-NMR: (CDCl₃) δ_(C) 166.3 (C, C−11), 136.5 (CH, C−9), 135.4 (CH, C−5), 131.3 (C, C−4), 124.3 (CH, C−8), 77.8 (CH, C−2), 76.2 (CH, C−7), 70.2 (CH, C−3), 64.2 (CH, C−6), 62.6 (CH₂, C−10), 15.3 (CH₃, C−1); IR (film from Et₂O) v_(max) 3701, 3379, 2983, 2870, 2362, 2340, 1755, 1691, 1448, 1358, 1332, 1262, 1195, 1141, 1095, 1041, 975, 915, 825, 790, 758, 631, 616 cm⁻¹; HRMS: m/z C₁₁H₁₈O₅N⁺ [M+NH₄]⁺ calcd 244.1179, found 244.1186.

Example 4 (−)-TAN-2483B Z-ethyl ester acetate (20) Synthesis of Compound 20

To a solution of lactone 10 (3 mg, 0.01 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (0.01 mL) was added acetic anhydride (10.5 μL, 0.1 mmol) and NEt₃ (8 μL, 0.06 mmol). After stirring room temperature for 5 hours, the crude reaction mixture was introduced directly to a silica-gel column (2:1 petroleum ether: ethyl acetate). The compound 20 was isolated as a colourless oil (1 mg, 32%). 20: R_(f) 0.40 (2:1 petroleum ether: ethyl acetate); ¹H NMR: (CDCl₃) δ_(H) 7.27 (dd, J=6.4, 3.5 Hz, 1H, H−5), 6.32 (dd, J=11.6, 7.4 Hz, 1H, H−8), 5.98 (d, J=11.7 Hz, 1H, H⁻9), 5.50 (dd, J=6.0, 2.2 Hz, 1H, H−6), 5.34 (d, J=7.3 Hz 1H, H−7), 5.12 (dd, J=7.6, 3.5 Hz, 1H, H−3), 4.85 (quintet, J=6.8 Hz, 1H, H−2), 4.18 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H, OEt), 2.05 (s, 3H, CH₃C(O)), 1.30-1.28 (complex m, 6H, OEt and H1); ¹³C NMR: (CDCl₃) δ_(C) 169.9 (C, C−10), 165.3 (C, Acetate), 165.3 (C, C−13), 143.8 (CH, C−8), 132.6 (CH, C−5), 132.5 (C, C−4), 123.0 (CH, C−9), 78.2 (CH, C−2), 71.4 (CH, C−3), 70.7 (CH, C−7), 65.2 (CH, C−6), 60.7 (CH₂, OEt), 22.6 (CH₃, Acetate), 15.3 (CH₃, OEt or C−1), 14.1 (CH₃, OEt or C−1); HRMS: m/z C₁₃H₂₀NO₆ ⁺ [M+NH₄]⁺ calcd 328.1391, found 328.1382.

Example 5 Hydroxy-TAN-2483B diacetate (21) Synthesis of Compound 21

To a solution of diol 19 (3.0 mg, 0.01 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (0.1 mL) was added acetic anhydride (16 μL, 0.1 mmol) and triethylamine (21 μL, 0.2 mmol). After stirring at room temperature for two hours, the crude product was purified by column chromatography (gradient column, 9:1, 5:1, 2:1, 1:1 petroleum ether: ethyl acetate) to yield 21 as a colourless oil (1.5 mg, 36%). 21: R_(f) 0.54 (1:1 petroleum ether: ethyl acetate); [α]_(D) ²⁵=−320 (c 0.075, Et₂O); ¹H-NMR: (CDCl₃) δ_(H) 7.03 (dd, J=4.8, 3.2 Hz, 1H, H−5), 6.01 (dt, J=15.6, 5.7 Hz, 1H, H−9), 5.91 (dd, J=15.6, 7.1 Hz, 1H, H−8), 5.42 (apparent dt, J=6.4 Hz, 1H, H−6), 5.02 (dq, J=7.8 Hz, 3.3, 1H, H−3), 4.85 (quintet, J=6.8 Hz, 1H, H−2), 4.61 (d, J=5.4 Hz, 2H, H−10), 4.51 (dd, J=7.1, 3.9, 1H, H−7), 2.09 (s, 3H, CH₃C(O)), 2.08 (s, 3H, CH₃C(O)), 1.27 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 3H, H−1); ¹³C-NMR: (CDCl₃) δ_(C) 170.5 (C, Acetate), 170.1 (C, Acetate), 165.7 (C, C−11), 132.8 (C, C−4), 131.9 (CH, C−5), 131.1 (CH, C−9), 127.1 (CH, C−8), 77.8 (CH, C−2), 73.9 (CH, C−7), 70.0 (CH, C−3), 65.6 (CH, C−6), 63.7 (CH₂, C−10), 20.9 (CH₃, Acetate), 20.6 (CH₃, Acetate), 15.3 (CH₃, C−1); HRMS: m/z C₁₅H₂₂O₇N⁺ [M+NH₄]⁺ calcd 328.1391, found 328.1402.

Example 6 Methoxy-TAN-2483B (22) Synthesis of Compound 22

To a solution of proton sponge (33.90 mg, 0.154 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (0.3 mL) was added Meerwein salt (17.6 mg, 0.11 mmol). After cooling the suspension to 0° C., diol 19 (3 mg, 0.01 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (0.3 mL) was added. After stirring at the same temperature for one hour, the reaction was slowly warmed to room temperature and stirred for four hours. The crude reaction mixture was directly subjected to column chromatography (gradient column, 9:1, 5:1, 2:1, 1:1 petroleum ether: ethyl acetate) to yield 22 as a colourless oil (1.2 mg, 38%). 22: R_(f) 0.13 (1:1 petroleum ether: ethyl acetate); [α]_(D) ²⁵=−78.8 (c 0.06, Et₂O); ¹H-NMR: (CDCl₃) δ_(H) 7.09 (dd, J=4.7, 3.6 Hz, 1H, H−5), 6.08 (dt, J=15.6, 5.2 Hz, 1H, H−9), 5.94 (dd, J=15.6, 7.1 Hz, 1H, H−8), 5.07 (apparent m, 1H, H−3), 4.84 (quintet, J=6.9 Hz, 1H, H−2), 4.49 (m, 1H, H−6), 4.48 (dd, J=6.8, 3.5 Hz, 1H, H−7), 3.99 (dd, J=1.5, 0.8 Hz, 2H, H−10), 3.38 (s, 3H, OCH₃), 1.27 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 3H, H−1); ¹³C-NMR: (CDCl₃) δ_(C) 169.3 (C, C−11), 135.4 (CH, C−5), 135.1 (CH, C−9), 131.3 (C, C−4), 125.5 (CH, C−8), 77.8 (CH, C−2), 76.2 (CH, C−7), 72.0 (CH₂, C−10), 70.2 (CH, C−3), 64.2 (CH, C−6), 58.44 (CH₃, OMe), 15.3 (CH₃, C−1); IR (film from Et₂O) v_(max) 2975, 2861, 1444, 1381, 1350, 1297, 1117, 1075, 1044, 934, 880, 844, 794, 499, 440 cm⁻¹; HRMS: m/z C₂₄H₃₂O₁₀N⁺ [2M+NH₄]⁺ calcd 499.2367, found 499.2381.

Example 7 Cancer Cell Growth Inhibition

HL-60, 1A9 and MCF cells were cultured at 37° C. in a 5% CO₂ in air atmosphere in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum, 100 units/mL penicillin, and 100 units/mL streptomycin (with 0.1% insulin added to the medium for 1A9 and MCF7 cell cultures). An MTT cell proliferation assay was used that involved the reduction of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenoyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) by viable cells as previously described.¹⁴ Cells were treated with compounds of the invention in 96-well plates (duplicate wells) for 2 days (for HL-60) or 3 days (for 1A9 or MCF7), then incubated with 5 mg/mL MTT in phosphate-buffered saline for 2 h. The blue crystals that formed were solubilised in 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate, 45% dimethylformamide and the absorbance of the solutions measured at 570 nm in a multiwell plate reader (EnSpire™ 2300 Multiplate Reader from Perkin Elmer, Waltham, USA. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) was calculated from a concentration-response curve using Sigma Plot software v8 (Systat Software Inc. Point Richmond, Calif.).

TABLE 2 Cancer cell line inhibition results Compound 10 Compound 14 Compound 19 Cell Line (IC₅₀ μM) (IC₅₀ μM) (IC₅₀ μM) HL-60 3.6 2.2 42 MCF7 9.0 — — 1A9 — 3.4 —

Example 8 Kinase Inhibition

Compound 10 was assessed for kinase inhibition by Life Technologies using the SelectScreen® Whole Panel ACCESS Biochemical Kinase Profiling Service. The Z′-LYTE® Screening Protocol was used to obtain the results for the following kinases: AMPK A2/B1/G1, BMX, BTK, MAPK14 (p38 alpha), PLK1, TXK. The LanthaScreen Protocol was used to obtain the result for the following kinase: NUAK2.

TABLE 2 Kinase inhibition results for compound 10 Inhibition Kinase (IC₅₀ at 10 μM) AMPK A2/B1/G1 81 BTK 83 PLK1 81 BMX 80 NUAK2 76 MAPK14 74 TXK1 71

Although the invention has been described by way of example, it should be appreciated that variations and modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the invention as defined in the claims. Furthermore, where known equivalents exist to specific features, such equivalents are incorporated as if specifically referred in this specification.

LIST OF REFERENCES

-   1. Krohn, K., et al., Eur. J. Org. Chem., 2002, 2331-2336. -   2. Qin, S., et al., Eur. J. Org. Chem., 2009, 3279-3284. -   3. Oh, H., et al., Tetrahedron Lett., 2001, 42, 975-977. -   4. Kock, I., et al., Eur. J. Org. Chem., 2007, 2186-2190. -   5. Krohn, K., et al., Chirality, 2007, 19, 464-470. -   6. Japanese Patent 10287679, 1998: Chem. Abstr., 1999, 130, 3122e. -   7. Nozawa, O., et al., J. Antibiot., 1995, 48, 113-118. -   8. Nozawa, O., et al., J. Antibiot., 2000, 53, 1296-1300. -   9. Gao, X., et al., Org. Lett., 2003, 5, 451-454. -   10. Gao, X. and Snider, B. B., J. Org. Chem., 2004, 69, 5517-5527. -   11. Shaabani, A., et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 2008, 18,     3968-3970. -   12. Hewitt, R. J., and Harvey, J. E., Org. Biomol. Chem., 2011, 9,     998-1000. -   13. Kim, C., et al., Org. Lett., 1999, 1, 1295-1297. -   14. Hood, K. A., et al., Apoptosis, 2001, 6, 207-219. 

1-13. (canceled)
 14. A method of treating cancer, osteoporosis, Type 2 diabetes, or an immune disease comprising administering a pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound of the formula:

wherein R¹ and R² may each be H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, aryl, CO₂H, CO₂alkyl, or C(═O)alkyl, wherein each alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl group may optionally be substituted with OH, NH₂, halogen, alkoxy, acyloxy or aryl; and R³ is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ acyl, aryl, benzyl or trialkylsilyl; provided that R¹ is not CH₃ when R² and R³ are both H or when R² is H and R³ is acetyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 15. A method as claimed in claim 14, wherein: R¹ and R² may each be H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, aryl, CO₂H, CO₂alkyl, or C(═O)alkyl, wherein each alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl group may optionally be substituted with OH, NH₂, halogen, or aryl; and R³ is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, benzyl or trialkylsilyl; provided that R¹ is not CH₃ when R² and R³ are both H or when R² is H and R³ is acetyl.
 16. A method as claimed in claim 14, wherein one of R¹ and R² is C₁-C₆ alkyl and the other is H.
 17. A method as claimed in claim 14, wherein one of R¹ and R² is CH₂OH and the other is H.
 18. A method as claimed in claim 14, wherein one of R¹ and R² is CO₂alkyl and the other is H.
 19. A method as claimed in claim 14, wherein one of R¹ and R² is CO₂H and the other is H.
 20. A method as claimed in claim 14, wherein R³ is H.
 21. A method as claimed in claim 14, wherein R³ is methyl, ethyl or acetyl.
 22. A method as claimed in claim 14, wherein the cancer is leukaemia, ovarian cancer or breast cancer.
 23. A method as claimed in claim 14, wherein the immune disease is asthma, eczema, allergic rhinitis, Type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis or lupus.
 24. A method of treating cancer, osteoporosis, Type 2 diabetes, or an immune disease comprising administering a pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound selected from the group consisting of:


25. A method as claimed in claim 24, wherein the cancer is leukaemia, ovarian cancer or breast cancer.
 26. A method as claimed in claim 24, wherein the immune disease is asthma, eczema, allergic rhinitis, Type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis or lupus.
 27. A method of inhibiting bone marrow tyrosine kinase (BMX) or Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK), the method comprising contacting the BMX or the BTK with an inhibitory amount of a compound of the formula:

wherein R¹ and R² may each be H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, aryl, CO₂H, CO₂alkyl, or C(═O)alkyl, wherein each alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl group may optionally be substituted with OH, NH₂, halogen, alkoxy, acyloxy or aryl; and R³ is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ acyl, aryl, benzyl or trialkylsilyl; provided that R¹ is not CH₃ when R² and R³ are both H or when R² is H and R³ is acetyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
 28. A method as claimed in claim 27, wherein: R¹ and R² may each be H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₁-C₆ alkoxy, C₂-C₆ alkenyl, C₂-C₆ alkynyl, aryl, CO₂H, CO₂alkyl, or C(═O)alkyl, wherein each alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl or aryl group may optionally be substituted with OH, NH₂, halogen, or aryl; and R³ is H, C₁-C₆ alkyl, aryl, benzyl or trialkylsilyl; provided that R¹ is not CH₃ when R² and R³ are both H or when R² is H and R³ is acetyl.
 29. A method as claimed in claim 27, wherein one of R¹ and R² is C₁-C₆ alkyl and the other is H.
 30. A method as claimed in claim 27, wherein one of R¹ and R² is CH₂OH and the other is H.
 31. A method as claimed in claim 27, wherein one of R¹ and R² is CO₂alkyl and the other is H.
 32. A method as claimed in claim 27, wherein one of R¹ and R² is CO₂H and the other is H.
 33. A method of claim 27, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of 